Overall, the limitations of current scaffold fabrication approaches for tissue engineering applications and some novel and promising alternatives will be highlighted. In addition, the ability of pore size and porosity of scaffolds to direct cellular responses and alter the mechanical properties of scaffolds will be reviewed, followed by a look at nature's own scaffold, the extracellular matrix. While providing a comprehensive summary of current knowledge and technologies, Scaffolding in Tissue Engineering gives readers insight into new trends and. The scaffold acts as an extracellular matrix for the adhesion and growth and/or regeneration of cells. Scaffolds with graded porosity have also been studied for their ability to better represent the actual in vivo situation where cells are exposed to layers of different tissues with varying properties. The basic concept of tissue engineering is to regenerate or to grow tissues or organs by culturing isolated cells from the tissue or organ of interest on porous biodegradable scaffolds as templates. The different pore size and porosity measurement methods will also be discussed. This review focuses on the various fabrication techniques (e.g., conventional and rapid prototyping methods) that have been employed to fabricate 3D scaffolds of different pore sizes and porosity. These 3D scaffolds are generally highly porous with interconnected pore networks to facilitate nutrient and oxygen diffusion and waste removal. Hence, the material properties of the scaffolds are vital in determining cellular response and fate. These scaffolds serve to mimic the actual in vivo microenvironment where cells interact and behave according to the mechanical cues obtained from the surrounding 3D environment. Tissue engineering applications commonly encompass the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the incorporation of cells or growth factors to regenerate damaged tissues or organs.
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